Are you asking about if you lose velocity? Velocity doesn't necessarily equate to "distance".
Given a fixed barrel lenght, a 5.5" flash suppressor vs. a standard one may give you what is called "freebore boost" but only a few fps more.
If you're asking about a short barrel with a flash hider pinned to meet the 16" requirement (14.5" & standard flash-hider vs. 10.5" & 5.5" flash-hider) then no, you'll lose velocity.
Longer barrels allow greater velocity to be achieved, generally when a 5.5" flash hider is used it is used on an 11.5" barrel. For every inch of barrel, a typical rifle can lose 50 feet per second (or more) in velocity. So a gun with an 11.5" barrel will likely lose 250 to 350 feet per second in velocity when compared to a 16" barreled gun, which will conversely deliver a bullet 200+ feet per second slower than a rifle with a 20" barrel.
As delivering a bullet accurately at distance is at least partially related to velocity then the gun delivering lower velocity, other things being equal, will 'lose distance' to another gun that delivers the same round at a greater velocity.